Aquatic Living Resources

Research Article

Human-induced physical disturbances and their indicators on coral reef habitats: A multi-scale approach

Indicateurs des perturbations physiques et anthropiques de l’habitat corallien : une approche multi spatiale

Chabanet, Pascalea1a2, Adjeroud, Mehdia3, Andréfouët, Sergea1, Bozec, Yves-Mariea4, Ferraris, Jocelynea1a3, Garcìa-Charton, Jose-Antonioa5 and Schrimm, Muriela3

a1 IRD, UR CoRéUs, BP A5, 98848 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie, France

a2 Université de La Réunion, ECOMAR, BP 7151, 97715 St-Denis Cedex 9, La Réunion, France

a3 EPHE, Université de Perpignan, Laboratoire de Biologie marine et Malacologie, UMR 8046 CNRS, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France

a4 IRD, UR-CoRéUs, Agrocampus Rennes, Département halieutique UPR MESH CS 84215, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France

a5 Dep. Ecología e Hidrología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain

Abstract

This article aims to review 1) the major and most frequent human-induced physical disturbances and their consequences on coral reef habitats using a multi-scale approach, and 2) the scale-related indicators and conceptual aspects used to detect and measure the effects of these physical impacts. By physical disturbances, we mean direct perturbations that lead to the destruction/erosion of the carbonate framework. Human-induced direct physical disturbances are numerous from coastal development, tourism, harvesting, accidents and nuclear/weapon testing. Since methods for monitoring and measuring indicators are generally scale-implicit, coral reefs are first presented according to different ecological-spatial scales of organization, from colony to region (colony, reefscape, reef zone, whole reef, island and region). In this way, it is easier to link a couple {habitat, disturbance} to their potential indicators and to the descriptors they target. Three classes of descriptors, related to the response of the living component of coral reef ecosystem, are considered here: stony coral, reef fishes and the human uses. A synthesis of the different options for coral habitat assessments is proposed. We sort them according to their objectives (monitor, initial status or improvement of knowledge), their specificities (identification or not of a specific disturbances) and their scale of investigation (small, meso- or large scales). Usually, the majority of the indicators of human-induced disturbances are non-specific. They reveal that something is happening but not the actual causality and can only detect differences across time or space. A major weakness lies in the difficulty in deconvoluting the signals from a conjunction of stressors occurring at different scales. As such, a hierarchical concept of disturbances in coral reefs would be the next logical step to enhance our capabilities in monitoring and forecasting coral reefs status.

Résumé

Cet article a pour but d'examiner à travers une approche multi-spatiale 1) les principales et les plus fréquentes perturbations physiques sur l'habitat corallien et leurs conséquences, 2) les indicateurs de ces perturbations et les aspects conceptuels utilisés pour détecter et mesurer les effets de ces impacts. Seules, les dégradations physiques ayant un impact direct sur la destruction et l'érosion de la trame carbonatée du récif corallien sont considérées. Ce type d'impact, fréquent en milieu corallien, peut être généré par l'urbanisation du littoral, les activités touristiques (plongée sous-marine), la récolte d'organismes (piétinement, pêche à la dynamite), les essais nucléaires ou des accidents (échouage de navires). Les méthodes d'échantillonnage et les indicateurs utilisés pour le suivi des récifs étant reliés à l'échelle d'observation, les récifs coralliens sont abordés dans un premier temps en fonction de ces différentes échelles spatiales (colonie, paysage, partie du récif, récif en entier, île, région). De cette manière, il est plus facile de relier le tandem {habitat, perturbation} aux potentiels indicateurs et descripteurs ciblés. Trois classes de descripteurs reliées à la composante vivante de l'écosystème récifal sont considérées: les coraux constructeurs de récif, les poissons récifaux (Chaetodontidae) et l'homme à travers l'utilisation qu'il fait de l'écosystème. Une synthèse des différentes options pour évaluer l'état du récif corallien est proposée. Elles ont été sélectionnées en fonction des objectifs (suivi, état initial ou amélioration des connaissances), de leurs spécificités (identificateur ou non de la perturbation) et l'échelle d'investigation (petite, moyenne ou large). La majorité des indicateurs d'une perturbation anthropique n'est pas spécifique à un type de perturbation. Ils révèlent que quelque chose s'est passé, mais pas spécifiquement la cause actuelle de la perturbation ; ils ne peuvent donc que détecter des différences au cours du temps ou de l'espace. Un des obstacles pour détecter spécifiquement une perturbation réside dans la difficulté de dissocier les signaux d'un ensemble de stress qui se répercutent à différentes échelles spatiales. Ainsi, une approche conceptuelle hiérarchique de perturbations en milieu corallien serait la prochaine étape à franchir pour améliorer nos connaissances afin de mieux suivre l'état des récifs coralliens et anticiper leurs dégradations.

(Received June 22 2004)

(Accepted June 27 2005)

(Online publication November 15 2005)

Key Words:

  • Coral reef ;
  • Physical disturbances ;
  • Habitat ;
  • Human-induced disturbances ;
  • Indicator

Correspondence:

c1 chabanet@noumea.ird.nc

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